Funciones de texto

Como vimos en clase, hay 4 tipos de texto a partir de su función textual:

1. Texto narrativo, en el que la mayor parte de los verbos se encuentran conjugados en alguna forma de pasado (pasado simple, pasado continuo, presente perfecto, pasado perfecto, entre otros).

2. Texto descriptivo, donde encontramos la mayoría de los verbos conjugados en tiempo presente.

3. Texto instructivo, con los verbos en modo imperativo y con una secuencia.

4. Texto argumentativo, en el que los conectores crean relaciones específicas en las ideas que unen y adjetivos, que comunican juicios de valor.

Identificar la función principal de un texto facilita la comprensión del mismo.

Revisa los textos que aparecen a continuación y contesta el cuestionario que encontrarás al final.

TEXTO 1


Bullying
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bullying is a form of abuse. It involves repeated acts over time attempting to create or enforce one person's (or group's) power over another person (or group) , thus an "imbalance of power".[2] The "imbalance of power" may be social power and/or physical power. The victim of bullying is sometimes referred to as a target. Bullying types of behavior are often rooted in a would-be bully's inability to empathize with those whom he or she would target.
Bullying consists of three basic types of abuse – emotional, verbal and physical. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion such as intimidation. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the UK currently has no legal definition of bullying,[3] some US states have laws against it.[4]
Bullying ranges from simple one on one bullying to more complex bullying in which the bully may have one or more 'lieutenants' who may seem to be willing to assist the primary bully in his bullying activities. Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse.[5] Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism.
Bullying can occur in any context in which human beings interact with each other. This includes school, church, family, the workplace, home and neighborhoods. It is even a commonpush factor in migration. Bullying can exist between social groups, social classes and even between countries (see Jingoism). In fact on an international scale, perceived or real imbalances of power between nations, in both economic systems and in treaty systems, are often cited as some of the primary causes of both World War I and World War II. [6] [7]Put simply, historically and from this perspective, certain international 'bullying' between nations is seen as having resulted in at least two very major and costly international wars.
References
1. ^ a b Student Reports of Bullying, Results From the 2001 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, US National Center for Education Statistics
2. ^ (U.S. Dept. of Justice, Fact Sheet #FS-200127)
3. ^ Harassment, Discrimination and Bullying Policy–University of Manchester
4. ^ At least 15 states have passed laws addressing bullying among school children. Google Search
5. ^ Bennett, Elizabeth Peer Abuse Know More: Bullying From a Psychological Perspective (2006)
6. ^ "The Balance of Power in Europe (1871-1914)". 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-30. Description of how an imbalance of power in Europe precipitated WWI.
7. ^ "The Economic Consequences of the Peace". 2005. Retrieved 2010-10-30. Describes likely connection between imbalanced Treaty of Versailles and World War II

TEXTO 2


Neck Rotations

If someone is a pain in the neck, he or she is quite a pain indeed, because neck pain is hard to get rid of. Sometimes, you manage to screw up your muscles just by sleeping funny, but spending your days glued to a screen can also do the trick.
To avoid it, turn your head all the way to the left, so your chin is parallel with your left shoulder. Then, slowly drop your head, letting the weight of it guide you. What you're trying to do is make a half-circle motion, starting at the left, moving downward, and finishing at the right. Feel the pull on your muscles, and continue moving slowly to the right until your chin is parallel to your right shoulder. Head back the other way (no pun intended) and continue moving from shoulder to shoulder until the tension in your neck is released.
But why stop there? Another quick one to try is the shoulder shrug. Lift your shoulders high, up to your ears, and hold for a few seconds, then release. You can also move your shoulders in a circular motion -- first clockwise, then counterclockwise. You should be able to feel them loosen up.
http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/diet-fitness/exercise-at-work/5-easy-exercises-to-do-at-work2.htm, consulted on March 14th, 2011.

TEXTO 3


The man who wanted to live forever
by Anna Kreyling - Age Ten
Washington
USA

There was once a man who wanted to live forever.
He lived in fear of dying. One day he was walking along and saw a Chinese dragon. "Oh dragon." he said
"I live in fear of dying, I hear that you live forever. I wish I was you." Then the dragon spoke. "Kind man, you shall not like living forever. I will show you what it feels like."
The dragon carried him to an island where nobody died. The man lived there and was amazed at how the people would buy poison. Then after a while he understood, the people did not enjoy living forever.
He called the dragon; "take me back," he commanded. The dragon said "I see you have learned your lesson." And now in China when people see dragons they say "We are happy as we are oh Dragon."
The End
Planetozkids.com, consulted on march 14th, 2011

TEXTO 4


The pros and cons of nuclear energy.
Pros -
1. Little Pollution
As demand for electricity soars, the pollution produced from fossil fuel-burning plants is heading towards dangerous levels. Coal, gas and oil burning power plants are already responsible for half of America's air pollution. Burning coal produces carbon dioxide, which depletes the protection of the ozone. The soft coal, which many power plants burn, contains sulfur When the gaseous byproducts are absorbed in clouds, precipitation becomes sulfuric acid.. Coal also contains radioactive material. A coal-fired power plant emits more radiation into the air than a nuclear power plant.
The world's reserves of fossil fuels are running out. The sulfurous coal which many plants use is more polluting than the coal that was previously used. Most of the anthracite, which plants also burn, has been used up. As more soft coal is used, the amount of pollution will increase. According to estimates, fossil fuels will be burned up within fifty years. There are large reserves of uranium, and new breeder reactors can produce more fuel than they use. Unfortunately this doesn't mean we can have an endless supply of fuel Breeder reactors need a feedstock of uranium and thorium, so when we run out of these two fuels (in about 1000 years), breeder reactors will cease to be useful. This is still a more lengthy solution to the current burning of coal, gas, and oil.
2. Reliability
Nuclear power plants need little fuel, so they are less vulnerable to shortages because of strikes or natural disasters. International relations will have little effect on the supply of fuel to the reactors because uranium is evenly deposited around the globe. One disadvantage of uranium mining is that it leaves the residues from chemical processing of the ore, which leads to radon exposure to the public. These effects do not outweigh the benefits by the fact that mining uranium out of the ground reduces future radon exposures. Coal burning leaves ashes that will increase future radon exposures. The estimates of radon show that it is safer to use nuclear fuel than burn coal. Mining of the fuel required to operate a nuclear plant for one year will avert a few hundred deaths, while the ashes from a coal-burning plant will cause 30 deaths.
3. Safety
Safety is both a pro and con, depending on which way you see it. The results of a compromised reactor core can be disastrous, but the precautions that prevent this from happening prevent it well. Nuclear power is one the safest methods of producing energy. Each year, 10,000 to 50,000 Americans die from respiratory diseases due to the burning of coal, and 300 are killed in mining and transportation accidents. In contrast, no Americans have died or been seriously injured because of a reactor accident or radiation exposure from American nuclear power plants. There are a number of safety mechanisms that make the chances of reactor accidents very low. A series of barriers separates the radiation and heat of the reactor core from
the outside. The reactor core is contained within a 9-inch thick steel pressure vessel. The pressure vessel is surrounded by a thick concrete wall. This is inside a sealed steel containment structure, which itself is inside a steel-reinforced concrete dome four feet thick. The dome is designed to withstand extremes such as earthquakes or a direct hit by a crashing airliner. There is also a large number of sensors that pick up increases in radiation or humidity. An increase in radiation or humidity could mean there is a leak. There are systems that control and stop the chain reaction if necessary. An Emergency Core Cooling System ensures that in the event of an accident there is enough cooling water to cool the reactor.
________________________________________
Cons -
1. Meltdowns
If there is a loss of coolant water in a fission reactor, the rods would overheat. The rods that contain the uranium fuel pellets would dissolve, leaving the fuel exposed. The temperature would increase with the lack of a cooling source. When the fuel rods heat to 2800°C, the fuel would melt, and a white-hot molten mass would melt its way through the containment vessels to the ground below it. This is a worst case scenario, as there are many precautions taken to avoid this. Emergency water reservoirs are designed to immediately flood the core in the case of sudden loss of coolant. There are normally multiple sources of water to draw from, as the low pressure injection pumps, containment spray system, and refueling pumps are all potentially available, and all draw water from different sources. The disaster at Three Mile Island was classified as a partial meltdown, caused by the failure to supply coolant to the core. Although the core was completely destroyed, the radioactive mass never penetrated the steel outlining the containment structure. Several feet of special concrete, a standard precaution, was capable of preventing leakage for several hours, giving operators enough time to fix the flooding system of the reactor core. The worst case of a nuclear disaster was in 1986 at the Chernobyl facility in the Ukraine. A fire ripped apart the casing of the core, releasing radioactive isotopes into the atmosphere. Thirty-one people died as an immediate result. And estimated 15,000 more died in the surrounding area after exposure to the radiation. Three Mile Island and Chernobyl are just examples of the serious problems that meltdowns can create.
2. Radiation
Radiation doses of about 200 rems cause radiation sickness, but only if this large amount of radiation is received all at once. The average person receives about 200 millirems a year from everyday objects and outer space. This is referred to as background radiation. If all our power came from nuclear plants we would receive an extra 2/10 of a millirem a year. The three major effects of radiation (cancer, radiation sickness and genetic mutation) are nearly untraceable at levels below about 50 rems. In a study of 100,000 survivors of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, there have been 400 more cancer deaths than normal, and there is not an above average rate of genetic disease in their children. During the accident at Three Mile Island in America, people living within a 50 mile radius only received an extra 3/10 of one percent of their average annual radiation. This was because of the containment structures, the majority of which were not breached. The containment building and primary pressure vessel remained undamaged, fulfilling their function.
3. Waste Disposal
The byproducts of the fissioning of uranium-235 remains radioactive for thousands of years, requiring safe disposal away from society until they lose their significant radiation values. Many underground sites have been constructed, only to be filled within months. Storage facilities are not sufficient to store the world’s nuclear waste, which limits the amount of nuclear fuel that can be used per year. Transportation of the waste is risky, as many unknown variables may affect the containment vessels. If one of these vessels were compromised, the results may be deadly.
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http://members.tripod.com/funk_phenomenon/nuclear/procon.htm, consulte don march 14th, 2011.

CUESTIONARIO

1. El texto Bullying tiene como función:
2. El texto Neck Rotations tiene como función:
3. El texto The man who wanted to live forever tiene como función:
4. La función del texto Pros and cons of nuclear energy es:
5. ¿Se indica una secuencia en el texto 2?, ¿cómo?
6. ¿Qué describe el texto 1?
7. ¿Qué sabes de los personajes del texto 3?
8. Recupera una opinión a favor y otra en contra del uso de la energía nuclear.

TAREA
Elige uno de los cuatro textos, léelo con atención y presenta este tema en clase.

¡BUENA SUERTE!